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There have been no details of the historical records of the porcelain development in Austria. Their manufactories were established with the help of people who ran away from Dresden. But the factories faced with continual difficulties, it could not continue for long and many of the manufacturing units were closed down. The French claimed that the soft-paste was at Rouen as early as 1673 but that has not been the accepted one by the majority. Vienna In 1719, with the help of a runaway from Dresden, a factory was started under the manager ship of Claud du Pacquier. It made fine hard-paste porcelain resembling Dresden in paste more than in design or coloring. Du Pacquier's factory faced continual difficulties; ware was costly to produce and much of it too dear to find many purchasers. It is rare today. In 1744 the factory was bought by the Austrian State and successful efforts were made to popularize its products. This porcelain, known from its mark of a shield in blue, finally evolved an individual style of heavily gilded pieces painted carefully in the manner of miniatures. These were first made towards the end of the eighteenth century, but were copied again and again until the factory closed in 1864. Some of the modern and very garish imitations of this type of Vienna porcelain bears the printed 'signature' of the artist; often that of the English painter, Angelica Kauffmann. France France Saint Cloud Soft-paste porcelain is said to have been made at Rouen as early as 1673, but although several specimens have been brought forward as proof of the statement they are not accepted generally as having been made there. The earliest accepted pieces are those made at Saint Cloud at the end of the seventeenth century. They are mostly of a creamy colour, but occasionally of a bluish white, and all kinds of wares were made. Painting was in under-glaze blue and in colors, and much was in the popular Oriental manner. Examples of the ware are not commonly found, and figures, of which few were made, are the rarest. The most common mark is "St. C T" in blue or incised. The factory closed in 1766. Chantilly A soft-paste factory was founded at Chantilly in 1725 and made wares covered in an attractive glaze containing tin, which gave it a smooth, white, and distinctive appearance. Tableware's, vases and other useful pieces were made, and neatly decorated in brilliant colors that rely on the beautiful white surface for their full effect. Later wares were lead-glazed and of a creamy colour, and one of the last patterns introduced was widely copied; a small spray of cornflowers known as the "Chantilly sprig'. After being owned for a few years by an Englishman named Potter the factory closed in 1800. The mark is a curved hunting-horn in red or blue. Mennecy The factory best known by the name of Mennecy was started in 1734 in Paris, fourteen years later moved outside the capital to Mennecy, and in 1773 moved finally to Bourg-la-Reine. The early wares are usually of a milky-white colour, with a 'wet-looking' glaze and a slightly undulating surface; in very rare instances a tin-glaze, in imitation of that used at Chantilly, is found. All types of wares, including a number of figures and groups, were painted in colors and many show a particularly striking use of pink and bright blue. The mark comprises the letters 'D V', incised or in blue. France had a rich history of porcelain wares. The earliest accepted pieces are those made at Saint Cloud at the end of the seventeenth century. They are mostly of a creamy colour, but occasionally of a bluish white, and all kinds of wares were made. Painting was in under-glaze blue and in colors. A soft-paste factory founded at Chantilly and made wares covered in an attractive glaze containing tin, which gave it a smooth, white, and distinctive appearance. And there were many marked wares found in the different part of the country. They all show that there was a great progress in the earlier ages.
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